Kernaussagen
Die Pathogenese des postoperativen Ileus ist bisher nicht vollständig geklärt. Es
handelt sich um ein multifaktorielles Geschehen, an dem unter anderem vegetative Einflüsse,
Neurotransmitter, endogene Opioide, Zytokine und Elektrolytstörungen beteiligt sind.
Wichtige ätiologische Faktoren sind das chirurgische Trauma, die postoperative Opioidgabe
und eine perioperative Hyperhydratation. Der postoperative Ileus führt zu einer verlängerten
Rekonvaleszenz insbesondere viszeralchirurgischer Patienten und ist der wesentlichste
Morbiditätsfaktor nach großen abdominalen Eingriffen.
Die Diagnose wird aufgrund der Anamnese und der typischen Symptomatik gestellt (aufgetriebenes
Abdomen, Bauchschmerzen, Stuhl- und Windverhalt, Abwesenheit von Darmgeräuschen).
Die wichtigsten Kriterien zur Verlaufsbeurteilung sind das Wiedereinsetzen des Stuhlgangs
zusammen mit der Verträglichkeit der oralen Nahrungsaufnahme.
Multimodale Behandlungskonzepte, die die Ausprägung des postoperativen Ileus möglichst
gering halten und die Krankheitsdauer verkürzen, umfassen folgende Maßnahmen:
minimal traumatisierende, blutsparende Operationstechnik
Reduzierung des postoperativen Opioidbedarfs durch Epiduralanästhesie und nichtsteroidale
Antiphlogistika
Verzicht auf das routinemäßige postoperative Anlegen einer Magensonde
Wasser- und Elektrolytausgleich, restriktive perioperative Volumengabe
Mobilisierung noch am OP-Tag
Kostaufbau ab dem ersten postoperativen Tag
Gabe von Prokinetika
Trotz ermutigender Studienergebnisse lässt die Verbreitung derartiger Konzepte jedoch
noch auf sich warten. Aufgrund der großen medizinischen und sozioökonomischen Bedeutung
des postoperativen Ileus ist die Einführung von Leitlinien zur Prävention und Therapie
dringend geboten.
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PD Dr. Carsten N. Gutt
Chirurgische Universitätsklinik, Abteilung für Allgemeine, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie
Im Neuenheimer Feld 110 · 69120 Heidelberg
Phone: 0 62 21/56-48 28
Fax: 0 62 21/56-54 50
Email: Carsten_Gutt@med.uni-heidelberg.de